Tin Nanoclusters Confined in Nitrogenated Carbon for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The oxygen reduction reaction is essential for fuel cells and metal-air batteries in renewable energy technologies. Developing platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts with comparable catalytic performance is highly desired for cost efficiency. Here, we report a tin (Sn) nanocluster confined catalyst for the electrochemical oxygen reduction. The catalyst was fabricated by confining 1-1.5 nm sized Sn nanoclusters in situ in microporous nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedra (SnxNC) with an average pore size of 0.7 nm. SnxNC exhibited high catalytic performance in acidic media, including positive onset and half-wave potentials, comparable to those of the state-of-the-art Pt/C and far exceeding those of the Sn single-atom catalyst. Combined structural and theoretical analyses reveal that the confined Sn nanoclusters, which have favorable oxygen adsorption behaviors, are responsible for the high catalytic performance, but not Sn single atoms.