Metal-organic framework-derived transition metal sulfides and their composites for alkali-ion batteries: A review

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have been regarded as promising anodes for alkali-ion batteries with high energy densities. They possess higher ionic/electronic conductivities as compared to their counterparts such as transition metal oxides and phosphides. However, their large volumetric expansion and bulk properties lead to slow ion transport and severe capacity attenuation, especially during the alloying and conversion reactions. Furthermore, to design better electrode materials, it is necessary to develop a clear understanding of their kinetic properties and reaction mechanisms in alkali-ion batteries (AIBs). As a new class of materials that have shown revolutionary progress in various catalytic and electrochemical processes in environmental and energy storage and conversion applications, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently attracted significant attention as an effective solution to these problems. Herein, we discuss the strategies developed to mitigate these problems with the help of MOF-derived TMS-based electrode materials, the mechanisms involved and the advantages, challenges, and prospects in their application as anode/cathode materials in AIBs including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). We hope that this review will guide further research and facilitate the practical application of MOF-derived TMS-based materials for sulfide-based high-performance rechargeable AIBs.