Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives

Graphical AbstractCancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. As the population increases, there is an enriched thrust for screening a newer delivery system for anticancer agents to treat cancer. Therefore, exosome-mediated cell communication is the hallmark of its participation in cancer metastasis and progression. Furthermore, the inward budding of endosomes is referred to as the multivesicular body. Exosome constitutes phospholipid bilayer-bound vesicles. It transfers bioactive compounds between various cells and the tumor microenvironment. In addition, they were selectively loading oncogenic molecules into exosomes for drug delivery. Exosome act as a potential biomarker in detecting therapeutic targets. Furthermore, exosomes fused with the cell membrane and were used as a diagnostic tool for cancer therapy. Exosomes are used in several ways to inhibit cancer cell growth. It can also carry genetic information and anticancer medications, preventing tumor cells from releasing exosomes. In addition, exosome-based drug delivery is utilized for preclinical and clinical trials, promoting the development of newer anticancer agents that suppress cancer growth. Exosomes further improve the immune system and help to generate new blood vessels. It blocks apoptosis and prevents cancer resistance. Exosomes act as cargo, allowing them to load proteins, chemotherapeutics, RNAs, DNAs, and hydrophobic drugs. Exosomes help to achieve advancement in cancer management through the use of precision medicine. The current review highlighted significant aspects of exosomes for cancer mechanism and prevention. Furthermore, novel strategies aimed to promote the clinical application of exosomes in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic impact. Finally, this review plays a pivotal role for the researchers in the industry and academics working in this field.