Strategy for perovskite solar cells approaching to S–Q limited efficiency

Abstract Despite recent substantial improvements in the efficiency of perovskite solar cells, the record efficiency of single-junction perovskite solar cells still falls short of the theoretical limiting efficiency predicted by Shockley–Queisser due to the presence of various loss mechanisms. It is essential to determine the dominant loss factors limiting power conversion efficiency ( PCE ) to clarify the future technical strategy towards ultimate efficiency. In this paper, we numerically investigate the impact of various loss mechanisms on the performance of realistic record perovskite solar cells, and identify the most important factors limiting the PCE of perovskite solar cells. The results demonstrate that Shockley–Read–Hall recombination and series resistance, as well as optical loss are the most important factors for future improvement in efficiency.