Tutorial: Electrodynamic balance methods for single particle levitation and the physicochemical analysis of aerosol

Single particle levitation methods are a powerful subset of aerosol instrumentation that allow a wide range of particle properties and processes to be explored. One of the most common forms of single particle levitation uses electric fields and is generally referred to as an electrodynamic balance (EDB). There are many different kinds of EDB's that have been designed with different applications in mind, and a corresponding array of analytical tools have been developed to characterize particles held in these traps. In this tutorial, we review the design and development of the EDB and discuss a range of analytical methods, including electrostatic analysis, light scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging, that allow for measurements of hygroscopic growth, volatility, surface tension and viscosity, diffusion, and phase and morphology. We go on to review recent advanced analytical methods using mass spectrometry to probe particle composition. This review is intended to provide readers with the basic knowledge to set up an EDB platform, design measurement protocols based on the available analytical tools, and run experiments to probe the fundamental properties of aerosol particles relevant to their role in the atmosphere, impacts on clouds and climate, effects on air quality, role in health and disease, and applications in industrial processes.