Development and validation of a web-based artificial intelligence prediction model to assess massive intraoperative blood loss for metastatic spinal disease using machine learning techniques

Intraoperative blood loss is a significant concern in patients with metastatic spinal disease. Early identification of patients at high risk of experiencing massive intraoperative blood loss is crucial as it allows for the development of appropriate surgical plans and facilitates timely interventions. However, accurate prediction of intraoperative blood loss remains limited based on prior studies.