A comprehensive review on emerging role of rare earth oxides in electrochemical biosensors

Electrochemical biosensors have gained significant attention in various fields, including healthcare, environmental monitoring, and biotechnology, due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response. Rare earth oxides (REOs) have emerged as promising materials for enhancing the performance of electrochemical biosensors. This review provides an overview of the emerging role of REOs in electrochemical biosensors, highlighting their synthesis methods, importance, and applications. The review discusses the improved sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and biocompatibility offered by REOs in biosensing platforms. It explores the different designs of REO-based electrochemical biosensors, including REO-modified electrodes and the use of REO nanoparticles as labels or carriers. Furthermore, the challenges associated with utilizing REOs in electrochemical biosensors are discussed, along with potential solutions and advancements. The review concludes by highlighting the future prospects and emerging trends in the field, including the development of multifunctional biosensors, point-of-care and wearable devices, and the integration of REO-based biosensors with other technologies. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into the current state of research, implications for further research, and potential applications of rare earth oxide-based electrochemical biosensors in various domains.