Review on Healthcare Biosensing Nanomaterials

Fast technological progress has sped up the growth of telemedicine, mobile e-health services, and healthcare monitoring, which, nowadays, are technologies in high demand in the medical field and analytical sensing. Biosensing device design has promoted forefront research topics wherein new sensing technologies have been developed. In this regard, nanomaterials have had a crucial role wherein novel biosensors based on nanomaterials have emerged as detective tools for several biomolecules. Most biosensors are remarkably sensitive and selective to detect cancer biomarkers, toxins in foods, drugs, pathogenic microorganisms, cholesterol, pesticides, nucleic acids, glucose, heavy-metal contaminations, and other bioanalytes under different platforms at extraordinarily low concentrations (nanomolar, picomolar, or femtomolar). A comprehensive review of nanomaterials used for healthcare biosensing is offered herein. Specifically, this review offers a new point of view, highlighting and covering exhaustively several kinds of nanomaterials (<500 nm) to detect human diseases through biosensing. In this sense, we organize them into organic, inorganic, and carbon-based, thus offering a guide to selecting the best nanomaterial for specific detection. Further, it provides a roadmap to the real-time utilization of nanomaterials at a commercial scale. Also, this review addresses some crucial aspects of nanomaterials use and applications for healthcare biosensing. The progress discussed in this paper highlights the immense potential to implement the use of nanomaterials and nanocomposites in the initial examination of diseases and point-of-care testing.