Clinical Impact of Exosomes in Colorectal Cancer Metastasis

Cancer is a complex deadly disease that has caused a global health crisis in recent epochs. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant gastrointestinal disease. It has led to high mortality due to early diagnostic failure. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) come with promising solutions for CRC. Exosomes (a subpopulation of EVs) play a vital role as signaling molecules in CRC tumor microenvironment. It is secreted from all active cells. Exosome-based molecular transport (DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, etc.) transforms the recipient cell's nature. In CRC, tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEXs) regulate multiple events of CRC development and progression such as immunogenic suppression, angiogenesis, epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMT), physical changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM), and metastasis. Biofluid-circulated tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are a potential tool for CRC liquid biopsy. Exosome-based colorectal cancer detection creates a great impact in CRC biomarker research. The exosome-associated CRC theranostics approach is a state-of-the-art method. In this review, we address the CRC and exosomes complex associated with cancer development and progression, the impact of exosomes on CRC screening (diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers), and also highlight several exosomes with CRC clinical trials, as well as future directions of exosome-based CRC research. Hopefully, it will encourage several researchers to develop a potential exosome-based theranostic tool to fight CRC.