Synthesis of novel biocomposite powder for simultaneous removal of hazardous ciprofloxacin and methylene blue: Central composite design, kinetic and isotherm studies using Brouers-Sotolongo family models

Over the past decades, extensive efforts have been made to use biomass-based-materials for wastewater-treatment. The first purpose of this study was to develop and characterize regenerated-reed/reed-charcoal (RR-ChR), an enhanced biosorbent from Tunisian-reed (Phragmites-australis). The second aim was to assess and optimize the RR-ChR use for the removal of binary ciprofloxacin antibiotic (CIP) and methylene blue dye (MB), using Central Composite Design under Response Surface methodology. The third purpose was to explain the mechanisms involved in the biosorption-process. The study revealed that the highest removal-percentages (76.66 % for the CIP and 100 % for the MB) were obtained under optimum conditions: 1.55 g/L of adsorbent, 35 mg/L of CIP, 75 mg/L of MB, a pH of 10.42 and 115.28 min contact time. It showed that the CIP biosorption mechanism was described by Brouers-Sotolongo-fractal model, with regression-coefficient (R2) of 0.9994 and a Person's Chi-square (X2) of 0.01. The Hill kinetic model better described the MB biosorption (R2 = 1 and X2 = 1.0E-4). The isotherm studies showed that the adsorbent surface was heterogeneous and the best nonlinear-fit was obtained with the Jovanovich (R2 = 0.9711), and Brouers-Sotolongo (R2 = 0.9723) models, for the CIP and MB adsorption, respectively. Finally, the RR-ChR lignocellulosic-biocomposite-powder could be adopted as efficient and cost-effective adsorbent.