Fitness cost and reversion of resistance Leucoptera coffeella (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) to chlorpyrifos

A better understanding of fitness costs and insecticide resistance reversion has practical applications for improving resistance management approaches. The coffee leaf miner, Leucoptera coffeella, is one of the most important coffee pests worldwide. Chlorpyrifos is still used to control L. coffeella despite studies showing resistance in this pest. The current study investigated the fitness costs and reversion of resistance to chlorpyrifos in L. coffeella populations in coffee. The control failure of this insecticide was evaluated in 15 field populations. Selection of resistant and susceptible L. coffeella (G1-G10), with and without chlorpyrifos exposure, was evaluated. The following parameters were investigated: consumed leaf area, adult longevity, number of eggs per female, and egg viability. The present study showed control failures of chlorpyrifos and low (< 31-folds) to high levels (> 80-folds) of resistance in all field populations tested. The resistant population showed less fitness than the susceptible population. The fitness of the resistant population decreased significantly after 10 generations of chlorpyrifos selection. Specifically, the number of eggs per female, larvae hatched, and adult longevity were reduced by factors of 5, 2.3 and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the chlorpyrifos-resistant L. coffeella population consumed more than the susceptible population. Therefore, we concluded that non-exposing L. coffeella populations to chlorpyrifos insecticide leads to rapid reversion of resistance and susceptibility. In addition, resistant populations show reduced reproductive fitness and longevity, while consuming more, probably to meet greater metabolic demands.