背景(考古学)
石墨烯
粘附
间充质干细胞
细胞粘附
氧化物
碱性磷酸酶
血管内皮生长因子
生物医学工程
纳米技术
材料科学
化学
生物物理学
细胞生物学
血管内皮生长因子受体
生物化学
生物
酶
癌症研究
医学
复合材料
冶金
古生物学
作者
Fanlu Wang,Lena M. Saure,Fabian Schütt,Felix Lorich,Florian Rasch,Ali Shaygan Nia,Xinliang Feng,Andreas Seekamp,Tim Klüter,Hendrik Naujokat,Rainer Adelung,Sabine Fuchs
摘要
Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material for bone tissue engineering, but the validation of its molecular biological effects, especially in the context of clinically applied materials, is still limited. In this study, we compare the effects of graphene oxide framework structures (F-GO) and reduced graphene oxide-based framework structures (F-rGO) as scaffold material with a special focus on vascularization associated processes and mechanisms in the bone. Highly porous networks of zinc oxide tetrapods serving as sacrificial templates were used to create F-GO and F-rGO with porosities >99% consisting of hollow interconnected microtubes. Framework materials were seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and the cell response was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) quantification, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) to define their impact on cellular adhesion, osteogenic differentiation, and secretion of vascular growth factors. F-GO based scaffolds improved adhesion and growth of MSC as indicated by CLSM and DNA quantification. Further, F-GO showed a better vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding capacity and improved cell growth as well as the formation of microvascular capillary-like structures in co-cultures with outgrowth endothelial cells (OEC). These results clearly favored non-reduced graphene oxide in the form of F-GO for bone regeneration applications. To study GO in the context of a clinically used implant material, we coated a commercially available xenograft (Bio-Oss® block) with GO and compared the growth of MSC in monoculture and in coculture with OEC to the native scaffold. We observed a significantly improved growth of MSC and formation of prevascular structures on coated Bio-Oss®, again associated with a higher VEGF binding capacity. We conclude that graphene oxide coating of this clinically used, but highly debiologized bone graft improves MSC cell adhesion and vascularization.
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