Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is a high-strength Fe–Mn-based alloy with a face-centered cubic structure. Its superior ductility–strength balance is associated with twinning-driven work hardening. Further, in the case of Fe–Mn–C TWIP steels, dynamic strain aging also contributes to the work hardening, leading to the realization of a tensile strength above 1 GPa with 60% elongation. However, the occurrence of hydrogen embrittlement and low yield strength have been recognized as problematic issues for practical applications. These problems can be overcome by the modification of the composition and microstructural design of the steels.