Mantle oxidation by sulfur drives the formation of giant gold deposits in subduction zones

地幔(地质学) 地幔楔 地质学 矿物氧化还原缓冲液 厚板 地球化学 硫化物 硫黄 逸度 热点(地质) 热液循环 俯冲 矿物学 化学 地球物理学 材料科学 冶金 古生物学 物理化学 地震学 构造学
作者
Deng‐Yang He,Kun‐Feng Qiu,Adam C. Simon,Gleb S. Pokrovski,Hao-Cheng Yu,J. A. D. Connolly,Shan-Shan Li,Simon Turner,Qingfei Wang,Mengfan Yang,Jun Deng
出处
期刊:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [National Academy of Sciences]
卷期号:121 (52) 被引量:2
标识
DOI:10.1073/pnas.2404731121
摘要

Oxidation of the sub-arc mantle driven by slab-derived fluids has been hypothesized to contribute to the formation of gold deposits in magmatic arc environments that host the majority of metal resources on Earth. However, the mechanism by which the infiltration of slab-derived fluids into the mantle wedge changes its oxidation state and affects Au enrichment remains poorly understood. Here, we present the results of a numerical model that demonstrates that slab-derived fluids introduce large amounts of sulfate (S 6+ ) into the overlying mantle wedge that increase its oxygen fugacity by up to 3 to 4 log units relative to the pristine mantle. Our model predicts that as much as 1 wt.% of the total dissolved sulfur in slab-derived fluids reacting with mantle rocks is present as the trisulfur radical ion, S 3 – . This sulfur ligand stabilizes the aqueous Au(HS)S 3 – complex, which can transport Au concentrations of several grams per cubic meter of fluid. Such concentrations are more than three orders of magnitude higher than the average abundance of Au in the mantle. Our data thus demonstrate that an aqueous fluid phase can extract 10 to 100 times more Au than in a fluid-absent rock-melt system during mantle partial melting at redox conditions close to the sulfide-sulfate boundary. We conclude that oxidation by slab-derived fluids is the primary cause of Au mobility and enrichment in the mantle wedge and that aqueous fluid-assisted mantle melting is a prerequisite for formation of Au-rich magmatic hydrothermal and orogenic gold systems in subduction zone settings.
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