Controlled release of kaempferol from porous scaffolds augments in-vitro osteogenesis in human osteoblasts

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a multidisciplinary approach intending to treat bone abnormalities by using a porous polymer matrix that has the capacity to host cells, promote proliferation and continuously release drugs/growth factors to enhance bone regeneration. This study fabricated a 3D porous scaffold releasing kaempferol with varying concentrations of kaempferol-entrapped albumin nanoparticles (KaeNP) and polycaprolactone (PCL). The morphology of scaffolds was studied to ensure porous structures and the results revealed that the diameter of pores ranged between 50 μm–300 μm which is essential for cell penetration and angiogenesis. Further, X-ray diffraction analysis revealed amorphized form of kaempferol in scaffolds which is beneficial for delivering drugs, as it enhances dissolution. It was observed that kaempferol was controlled released for a period of 20 days. Moreover, the release of kaempferol from scaffolds implies that the concentration of KaeNP alters drug release. In vitro analysis with Human osteoblasts revealed the scaffolds were not toxic and had significant osteogenic potential by virtue of enhancing alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization. In summary, these scaffolds possessing high osteogenic potential by virtue of controlled kaempferol release will be highly desired for bone tissue engineering.