Lead isotope ratio analysis of lead ingots and bronze wares unearthed from Yinxu

Abstract This study gives the element compositions and Pb isotope ratios of three lead ingots and three bronze artefacts unearthed from Yinxu, Anyang, Henan province, and two lead vessels from Zhengxiaozhuang tomb, Anhui province, China. The results of composition analysis show that three lead ingots in Yinxu may be the primary product of lead smelting. The lead wares unearthed in Zhengxiaozhuang tomb could be a kind of Mingqi‐funerary replicas. The results of Pb isotope analysis indicate that the culture exchanges between the Central Plains and the Jianghuai area in the late Shang dynasty. The decrease of bronzes with the highly radiogenic lead is consistent with the increase of Pb content in Yinxu bronzes simultaneously, which could be related to the change of lead source.