From 2D graphene and MXene nanolayers to 3D biomimetic porous composite aerogels for electromagnetic interference shielding

The need for high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with low density, high mechanical strength, and effective EMI shielding capabilities is paramount in addressing the growing issue of electromagnetic pollution. Three-dimensional aerogels, constructed from two-dimensional transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), or graphene nanosheets, exhibit immense potential in EMI shielding. These materials are characterized by their lightweight nature, remarkable mechanical properties, excellent conductivity, and large specific surface area, with the added advantage of a biomimetic aligned porous structure that significantly enhances EMI shielding performance. This review highlights recent studies focusing on the design of biomimetic unidirectional pore structures in MXene or graphene-based composite aerogels, advancing the development of lightweight EMI shields. We provide a comprehensive summary of the preparation methods, current progress, ongoing challenges, and future prospects for MXene and graphene-based aerogels with aligned porous structures. This serves as a valuable guideline for future development of high-performance aerogel-based EMI shields.