Research on fault diagnosis of rolling bearing based on improved convolutional neural network with sparrow search algorithm

Traditional approaches to the intelligent fault diagnosis of rolling bearings have predominantly relied on manual expertise for feature extraction, a practice that compromises robustness. In addition, the existing convolutional neural network (CNN) is characterized by an overabundance of parameters and a substantial requirement for training samples. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel fault diagnosis algorithm for rolling bearings, integrating a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) with a support vector machine (SVM) to form an enhanced 1DCNN-SVM model. This model is further refined using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for the optimal adjustment of the parameters of 1DCNN-SVM. Specifically, by substituting the CNN’s final softmax layer with an SVM, the model becomes better suited for processing limited data volumes. In addition, the incorporation of batch normalization and dropout layers within the CNN framework significantly augments its fault classification accuracy for rolling bearings, concurrently mitigating the risk of overfitting. The SSA is subsequently applied to refine three principal hyper-parameters: batch size, initial learning rate, and the L2 regularization coefficient, thereby overcoming the challenges associated with manually adjusting parameters, such as extended processing times and unpredictable outcomes. Empirical tests on Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) datasets revealed the model’s superior performance, with the SSA-optimized 1DCNN-SVM showcasing diagnostic accuracies over 98%, marked improvements over conventional models, and a significant reduction in processing times. This method not only marks a significant advancement in intelligent fault diagnosis for rolling bearings but also demonstrates the potential of integrating machine learning for more precise and efficient diagnostics. The SSA-1DCNN-SVM model, optimized for accuracy and minimal data use, sets a new standard in fault diagnosis, relevant for machinery health monitoring and maintenance strategies across various industries.