Two‐Photon Mediated Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Two‐Photon Photodynamic Therapy and Two‐Photon‐Activated Therapeutic Delivery Systems

光动力疗法 双光子激发显微术 材料科学 癌症治疗 光子 癌症 医学 荧光 物理 内科学 量子力学 化学 有机化学
作者
Amir Soleimany,Delaram Kargari Aghmiouni,Masomeh Amirikhah,Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar,Sepideh Khoee,Bruno Sarmento
出处
期刊:Advanced Functional Materials [Wiley]
被引量:1
标识
DOI:10.1002/adfm.202408594
摘要

Abstract Two‐photon excitation (2PE) represents substantial advantages in biophotonics over traditional one‐photon excitation (1PE), offering enhanced spatial resolution and deeper tissue penetration capabilities. Since its introduction in the 1990s, two‐photon excited microscopy has spurred the rapid emergence of novel 2PE‐based applications, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and the targeted release of biologically active agents. This review first elucidates the fundamental principles of 2PE before comprehensively examining the evolution of photosensitizers (PSs) for two‐photon PDT (2P‐PDT), covering both nanomaterials and small molecules, categorized based on their respective characteristics. Additionally, it explores advancements in PS development for integrating 2P‐PDT with other therapeutic modalities (e.g., photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc.). Subsequent sections provide an overview of photoactivatable compounds with two‐photon absorption properties for the controlled release of various therapeutic agents (e.g., drugs, genes, and gasotransmitters), emphasizing their potential in anticancer applications. Last, a deep discussion deciphers the prospects and challenges of 2P‐mediated therapy in cancer treatment, particularly concerning their clinical translation.
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