The modelling of ambient noise due to shipping and wind sources in complex environments

A review of noise modelling techniques is given for shipping and wind noise sources covering the frequency range 50 Hz to 3 kHz and concentrating mainly on work done from 1980 onwards. Propagation mechanisms, sources of input data and a variety of established noise models for both noise sources are described and results presented in terms of horizontal and vertical directionality and the responses of hydrophone arrays. Examples of model validations against measurements taken in complex environments demonstrate that successful noise prediction is possible provided careful modelling of all propagation mechanisms is included.