Structure and transport mechanism of a high-affinity potassium uptake transporter from higher plants

POTASSIUM is the most abundant cation in higher plants and is crucial for plant nutrition, growth, tropisms, enzyme homeostasis and osmoregulation1–4. K+ accumulation can be rate-limiting for agricultural production2–4. K+ uptake from soils into roots is largely mediated by high-affinity K+ uptake (Km≈10–40 μM) (refs 1, 2, 5–7). But although K+channels allow low-affinity K+ uptake8–10, both the transport mechanism and structure of the high-affinity K+ nutrition pathway remain unknown. Here we use expression cloning to isolate a complementary DNA encoding a membrane protein (HKT1) from wheat roots which confers the ability to take up K+. The substrate affinity, saturation and cation selectivity of HKT1 correspond to hallmark properties of classical high-affinity K+ uptake in plants1,2,11. The transport mechanism of HKT1 uses K+-H+ co-uptake. Expression of HKT1 is localized to specific root and leaf regions which represent primary sites for K+ uptake in plants2,3. HKT1 is important for plant nutrition and could possibly contribute to environmental alkali metal toxicities11–13.