A Dendrite-free Na–Na2S–Carbon Hybrid toward a Highly Stable and Superior Sodium Metal Anode

An effective method to fabricate a dendrite-free Na-Na2S-carbon hybrid anode is developed by immersing sulfur-doped carbon paper into molten sodium with common tissue paper as the starting material. The as-obtained hybrid anode displays much decreased nucleation and mass-transfer-controlled overpotentials for sodium plating, and a low and stable voltage hysteresis of ∼150 mV is obtained under a current density of 4 mA cm-2. It provides a dendrite-free sodium-based anode with superior rate performance and long-term stability. Furthermore, it provides an effective avenue to alleviate the growth of dendrites and lower the overpotentials for other kinds of metal-based electrodes.