Intra‐individual cytokine profile in peri‐implantitis and periodontitis: A cross‐sectional study

Abstract Aim To study cytokine profiles and intra‐individual correlations in crevicular fluid samples at periodontitis, peri‐implantitis, and healthy sites. Materials and methods Samples from gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) were collected from healthy and diseased sites in patients who had had dental implants for a minimum of 10 years. Cytokine levels were analyzed using the Bio‐Plex Pro Human inflammation kit, which included biomarkers for the tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) superfamily, regulatory T Cell (Treg) cytokines, and interferon (IFN) proteins. Results Gingival crevicular fluid/PICF cytokine levels, determined in samples from 163 patients, were frequently lower for healthy tooth and implant sites compared to sites with periodontitis or peri‐implantitis. In contrast, there were no significant differences in cytokine levels between peri‐implant sites and periodontitis sites. Intra‐individual correlations between cytokines at peri‐implant sites were frequently significant. In addition, the cytokines IFN‐λ1 and TNFSF12 were significantly correlated with the presence of peri‐implantitis. Conclusion Within the limits of this study, the intra‐individual cytokine profile did not differ between sites diagnosed with periodontitis and those diagnosed with peri‐implantitis, but did differ between healthy tooth and healthy implant sites. Studying intra‐individual cytokine profiles is a method to elucidate possible differences between the etiopathogeneses of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis, since it is well known that immune responses to dysbiosis vary between individuals according to host factors. Thus, the findings of the present study are potentially relevant to the advancement of knowledge in this field.