Recent advances of proteins extracted from agricultural and livestock wastes in biodegradable textile sizing applications

Proteins from agricultural and livestock wastes are rapidly emerging as potential alternatives for non-biodegradable PVA sizes due to their excellent film-forming ability, amphiphilic, biodegradable, low cost and low carbon footprint. However, brittleness of protein-based films that failed to be directly used as textile sizing to protect yarns during high-speed weaving limits their practical applications. Different methodologies to modify protein-based materials to impart excellent properties are highly desired to be better used in textile sizing. Therefore, in this review, recent advances in the various modification methods of proteins and its applications in textile sizing have been focused. The categories, structure, methodology and characterization of modified-protein are fully covered. This review provides an overview of recent research advances on different protein-based textile sizing agents and promotes the development of a new generation of multifunctional bio-based materials from biological renewable resources and sustainability of the textile industry.