A microscale soft lithium-ion battery for tissue stimulation

Abstract Advances in the development of tiny devices with sizes below a few cubic millimeters require a corresponding decrease in the volume of driving power sources. To be minimally invasive, prospective power sources in biomedical devices must be fabricated from soft materials. Previous endeavors with droplet-based devices have produced promising miniature power sources; however, a droplet-based rechargeable battery has remained out of reach. Here we report a microscale soft flexible lithium-ion droplet battery (LiDB) based on the lipid-supported assembly of droplets constructed from a biocompatible silk hydrogel. Capabilities such as triggerable activation, biocompatibility and biodegradability and high capacity are demonstrated. We have used the LiDB to power the electrophoretic translocation of charged molecules between synthetic cells and to mediate the defibrillation and pacing of ex vivo mouse hearts. By the inclusion of magnetic particles to enable propulsion, the LiDB can function as a mobile energy courier. Our tiny versatile battery will thereby enable a variety of biomedical applications.