Ibuprofen Loaded into Metal–Organic Framework Shells Coated on Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for the Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in Blood

When patients with chronic kidney disease receive hemodialysis, their protein-binding uremic toxins (PBUTs) accumulation rate in the blood is very high. One of the main representative substances is p-cresol sulfate (PCS). About 80% PCS integrates to the Sudlow site II of blood serum albumin through electrostatic interaction or van der Waals force. How to effectively remove PCS is very challenging. Here, we designed and prepared a kind of nanoremover for the removal of PCS. First, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with a metal–organic framework (MOF) shell with abundant pores by an in situ one-step synthesis. Then, ibuprofen (IBU) was loaded into the pores to obtain a Fe3O4/MOF/IBU nanoremover with a core–shell structure. Finally, the nanoremover was applied to capture and remove PCS from blood; its removal mechanism and removal efficiency based on displacement were verified. Finally, the nanoremover was applied to remove uremic toxins such as PCS from blood, its removal mechanism and removal efficiency based on displacement were verified. The in vitro removal experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of the Fe3O4/MOF/IBU nanoremover was about 26.7% when the initial concentration of PCS in the blood was 100 ppm. In general, the magnetic nanoremover based on displacement technology provides the possibility of clinical application for the removal of PBUTs in blood.