Kinesiophobia and associated variables in patients with heart failure

Abstract Aims Patients with heart failure (HF) can exhibit kinesiophobia, an excessive, debilitating, and irrational fear of movement. This study aimed to enhance the understanding of kinesiophobia in patients with HF by analysing associations with the following variables: musculoskeletal pain, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity, disability, frailty, sex, and age. Methods and results In this cross-sectional study, 107 participants were included, with ages ranging from 28 to 97 years (57% men, mean age 73.18 ± 12.68 years). Multiple regression analyses were performed with all variables, including polynomial regressions for variables with a non-linear relationship. Kinesiophobia was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with musculoskeletal pain, quality of life, quality of sleep, functional capacity, disability, and being at risk of frailty, while age and sex were not statistically significant. Frailty disability and musculoskeletal pain intensity were variables linearly associated with kinesiophobia, while quality of sleep and disability had a non-linear relationship with kinesiophobia. Conclusion Kinesiophobia needs to be evaluated and better understood in patients with HF to improve physical activity and exercise adherence. This study found that musculoskeletal pain intensity, quality of sleep, disability, and frailty risk have a significant association with kinesiophobia in patients with HF. Our results suggest multi-dimensional associations of kinesiophobia in patients with HF, which require further examination and understanding.