Sodium Nitrate/Formamide Deep Eutectic Solvent as Flame‐Retardant and Anticorrosive Electrolyte Enabling 2.6 V Safe Supercapacitors with Long Cyclic Stability

Safe operation of electrochemical capacitors (supercapacitors) is hindered by the flammability of commercial organic electrolytes. Non‐flammable Water‐in‐Salt (WIS) electrolytes are promising alternatives; however, they are plagued by the limited operation voltage window (typically ≤2.3 V) and inherent corrosion of current collectors. Herein, a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES)‐based electrolyte which uses formamide (FMD) as hydrogen‐bond donor and sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ) as hydrogen‐bond acceptor is demonstrated. The electrolyte exhibits the wide electrochemical stability window (3.14 V), high electrical conductivity (14.01 mS cm −1 ), good flame‐retardance, anticorrosive property, and ultralow cost (7% of the commercial electrolyte and 2% of WIS). Raman spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations reveal that the hydrogen bonds between the FMD molecules and ions are primarily responsible for the superior stability and conductivity. The developed NaNO 3 /FMD‐based coin cell supercapacitor is among the best‐performing state‐of‐art DES and WIS devices, evidenced by the high voltage window (2.6 V), outstanding energy and power densities (22.77 Wh kg −1 at 630 W kg −1 and 17.37 kW kg −1 at 12.55 Wh kg −1 ), ultralong cyclic stability (86% after 30 000 cycles), and negligible current collector corrosion. The NaNO 3 /FMD industry adoption potential is demonstrated by fabricating 100 F pouch cell supercapacitors using commercial aluminum current collectors.