Serum IFN-γ Predicts the Therapeutic Effect of Belimumab in Refractory Lupus Nephritis Patients

Objective: To evaluate belimumabf's efficacy in refractory lupus nephritis (LN) patients and identify predictive serum biomarkers for treatment response.Methods: In this single-arm retrospective study, we assessed clinical responses in LN patients at baseline and six months after initiating belimumab.Serum cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were quantified using multiplex magnetic bead flow immunoassay before and after treatment.Results: Fourteen patients with various subtypes of refractory LN participated in the study: seven with class III and V LN, three with type V alone, two with class III, and two with class IV+V and V LN.Post six months of belimumab therapy, all participants exhibited a reduction in the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2K scores from their respective baseline values.Notably, most patients showed a decrease in the dosage of prednisone, levels of 24-hour urinary protein, immunoglobulins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and anti-double-stranded DNA antibody IgM, along with serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ.Meanwhile, levels of C3, C4, IL-2, and TNF-α were observed to increase.Of the participants, nine (64.29%) achieved a complete renal response, one (7.14%)showed a partial response, and four (28.57%) exhibited no response.Significantly, higher baseline serum IFN-γ levels were found in patients who did not achieve complete renal response (CR) compared to those who did (p = 0.009).Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that baseline IFN-γ levels had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.96 (0.70-1.00), with a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 1.00 (p < 0.001). Conclusion:Belimumab shows potential efficacy in treating refractory LN.Baseline serum IFN-γ levels may predict response to belimumab therapy, potentially enabling more targeted treatment approaches for this challenging condition.