Fullerene micro/nanostructures: controlled synthesis and energy applications

Fullerenes with extended π-systems are idea building blocks to construct various supramolecular assemblies and functional micro/nanostructures. Researches on fullerenes micro/nanostructures (FMNSs) have grown rapidly in the field of energy-related applications during recent years because of their unique spherical molecular structures and tunable architectures at the molecular level using solution-based techniques. Accordingly, rational design and fabrication of fullerene-based electrode materials with excellent electrochemical performances can be achieved in solution by pore fabrication, heteroatom doping, co-assembly with other moieties, and so on. In this Review, we summarize the state-of-the-art progresses on the controlled synthesis of FMNSs with a particular emphasis on their energy applications. First, we introduce the recent advances on FMNSs with various structural dimensions, including the micro/nanostructures of different fullerene forms (empty fullerenes, metallofullerenes, and fullerene co-assemblies with other moieties, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and porphyrins). We also discuss in detail the utilization of these FMNS materials in supercapacitors and electrocatalysis. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for the rational design and future application of FMNSs are summarized and highlighted.