Kinetic analysis of changes in T- and B-lymphocytes after anti-CD20 treatment in renal pathology

The main objective of this study is to describe qualitatively and quantitatively the different immune lymphocyte phenotypes of patients with renal disease after treatment with anti-CD20. Two cohorts of transplanted and autoimmune kidney patients were compared: (1) Those who began treatment with Rituximab, matched (for sex, age and general clinical parameters) with (2) Non-treated control kidney patients. Different analyses were performed: (A) B-lymphocyte subpopulations; (B) T-cell subpopulations; (C) serum levels of BAFF, APRIL, Rituximab and anti-Rituximab; (D) rs396991 polymorphism of CD16a and at different time points for each type of analysis: (i) at baseline, (ii) day 15, (iii) at three and (iv) six months post-antiCD20. (A) A depletion of all B cell subsets analysed was observed preferentially decreasing the CD40+memory B-cells, switched memory cells and plasmablasts. (B) A significant decreased percentage of CD4+T-lymphocytes was observed. A significant decrease of the percentage of memory T-cells and an increase in naïve T-cells was also observed. (C) A significant increase for APRIL was observed, as well as a positive correlation between the APRIL levels, and the differential of B-cells. (D) The presence of CD16a Valine-variant induced greater changes in the variations of total T-cell and T-naïve subpopulations. Our results highlight that the treatment of renal disease with Rituximab affects T-cells, particularly naïve/memory balance, while APRIL could be also a secondary marker of this treatment. The sequential analysis of phenotypic alterations of B- and T-cells could help patient management, although further studies to identify periods of remission or clinical relapse are warranted.