Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteosarcopenia in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose To assess the prevalence of osteosarcopenia (OS) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and explore the related risk factors for developing this condition. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled hospitalized T2DM patients aged 60 years and older. Patients underwent assessments of total hip bone mineral density (BMD), grip strength, the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and body composition. Based on the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) criteria, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), grip strength, and SPPB were measured to diagnose sarcopenia. BMD and T values of the lumbar spine and hip were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteosarcopenia was defined when both sarcopenia and osteoporosis criteria were met. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression to identify significant risk factors. Results A total of 254 hospitalized T2DM patients (80 males and 174 females) were included. They were divided into T2DM-OS (n = 58) and T2DM-NOS (n = 196) groups based on the presence of osteosarcopenia. The average ages were 72.724 ± 6.463 and 69.265 ± 6.035 years, respectively. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia in T2DM patients was 22.8%, with 20.7% (12 males) and 79.3% (46 females) in the T2DM-OS group. After adjusting for confounding factors, it was found that male gender (OR: 5.738, 95%CI: 1.602–20.551, P = 0.007), fasting plasma glucose (OR: 0.904, 95%CI: 0.821–0.995, P = 0.038), and ASMI (OR: 0.049, 95%CI: 0.013–0.184, P < 0.001) were major influencing factors for the development of osteosarcopenia in elderly T2DM patients. Conclusions The prevalence of T2DM-OS is relatively high, with male gender, low fasting plasma glucose, and low ASMI identified as risk factors.