Unveiling the Mechanisms of Pain in Endometriosis: Comprehensive Analysis of Inflammatory Sensitization and Therapeutic Potential

Endometriosis is a complicated, estrogen-dependent gynecological condition with a high morbidity rate. Pain, as the most common clinical symptom of endometriosis, severely affects women’s physical and mental health and exacerbates socioeconomic burden. However, the specific mechanisms behind the occurrence of endometriosis-related pain remain unclear. It is currently believed that the occurrence of endometriosis pain is related to various factors, such as immune abnormalities, endocrine disorders, the brain–gut axis, angiogenesis, and mechanical stimulation. These factors induce systemic chronic inflammation, which stimulates the nerves and subsequently alters neural plasticity, leading to nociceptive sensitization and thereby causing chronic pain. In this paper, we compile and review the articles published on the study of nociceptive sensitization and endometriosis pain mechanisms. Starting from the factors influencing the chronic pain associated with endometriosis, we explain the relationship between these factors and chronic inflammation and further elaborate on the potential mechanisms by which chronic inflammation induces nociceptive sensitization. We aim to reveal the possible mechanisms of endometriosis pain, as well as nociceptive sensitization, and offer potential new targets for the treatment of endometriosis pain.