Virtual and augmented reality systems and three-dimensional printing of the renal model—novel trends to guide preoperative planning for renal cancer

The study aims to explore the application of three-dimensional (3D) technologies, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and 3D printing systems, in the field of medicine, particularly in renal interventions for cancer treatment. Specialized software transforms 2D medical images into precise 3D digital models, facilitating improved anatomical understanding and surgical planning. Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models are utilized for preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and surgical education. Augmented reality technology enables the overlay of digital perceptions onto real-world surgical environments. Patient-specific 3D printed anatomical models have multiple applications, such as preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, trainee education, and patient counseling. Virtual reality involves substituting the real world with a computer-generated 3D environment, while AR overlays digitally created perceptions onto the existing reality. The advances in 3D modeling technologies have sparked considerable interest in their application to partial nephrectomy in the realm of renal cancer. 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, constructs 3D objects based on computer-aided design or digital 3D models. Utilizing 3D-printed preoperative renal models provides benefits for surgical planning, offering a more reliable assessment of the tumor's relationship with vital anatomical structures and enabling better preparation for procedures. AR technology allows surgeons to visualize patient-specific renal anatomical structures and their spatial relationships with surrounding organs by projecting CT/MRI images onto a live laparoscopic video. Incorporating patient-specific 3D digital models into healthcare enhances best practices, resulting in improved patient care, increased patient satisfaction, and cost savings for the healthcare system. The report provides an overview of the principles underlying 3D renal models, outlines the necessary steps to obtain accurate patient-specific models, explores the application of 3D printed models in preoperative planning for renal cancer, discusses barriers to clinical adoption, and highlights future challenges in supporting renal interventions.