Nanoplastic-protein corona interactions and their biological effects: A review of recent advances and trends

Nanoplastics (NPs) in the nature environment can adsorb biomolecules to their surfaces and form "protein corona" (PC). The bio-nano interactions of NP-PCs critically change their biological fate and toxicity, which remains an issue of ongoing complexity and debate. Herein, we summarize and discuss recent progress in the formation, related influencing factors, and characterization methods of NP-PCs. The unique physio-chemical characteristics of NPs, such as polymerization morphology, functional group modification, and ageing, were investigated to distinguish them from other nanomaterials. The influence and mechanism of PC formation on the toxicity of NPs are summarized, including cellular uptake, oxidative stress, and altering of protein molecular structure and function. Finally, suggestions and perspectives for further research were proposed. Overall, the outcomes of the current study highlight the key role of PCs in determining the biological characteristics of NPs in realistic nano-ecotoxicological assessments.