Effects of bariatric surgery on cognitive function in older adults: a prospective longitudinal study

•This study assessed cognitive function in older Iranian patients before and 4 months after surgery and compared them with a waiting list control group. •At 4 months of follow-up, comparisons between the groups revealed that the surgical group performed significantly better than the control group on the Forward Digit Span Test (DGS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST), and Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups on the Backward DGS. •Further within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in Forward DGS, WCST, and TMT components A and B. Nevertheless, the same variables did not alter significantly over time in the control group. •The study suggests measurable cognitive benefits following bariatric surgery in older adults. Background Obesity is now well-recognized as an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. Although extensive research has been conducted on cognitive outcomes following bariatric surgery in young adults, very little is known about the impact of advanced age on the cognitive benefits of weight-loss procedures. Objectives This study aimed to assess cognitive function in older Iranian patients before and after bariatric surgery. Setting University Hospital Methods In this prospective longitudinal study, 24 older adults were examined before and 4 months after bariatric surgery using the Digit Span Test (DGS), the computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64), and the paper-and-pencil versions of the Trail Making Test (TMT), parts A and B, spanning the 4 cognitive domains of attention, working memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. The bariatric surgery group was simultaneously compared to a waiting list control group. Results At 4 months of follow-up, comparisons between the groups revealed that the surgical group performed significantly better than the control group on the forward DGS, WCST, and TMT parts A and B. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups on the backward DGS. Further within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in forward DGS, WCST, and TMT components A and B. Nevertheless, the same variables did not alter significantly over time in the control group. Conclusions The study suggests measurable cognitive benefits following bariatric surgery in older adults. Obesity is now well-recognized as an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. Although extensive research has been conducted on cognitive outcomes following bariatric surgery in young adults, very little is known about the impact of advanced age on the cognitive benefits of weight-loss procedures. This study aimed to assess cognitive function in older Iranian patients before and after bariatric surgery. University Hospital In this prospective longitudinal study, 24 older adults were examined before and 4 months after bariatric surgery using the Digit Span Test (DGS), the computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64), and the paper-and-pencil versions of the Trail Making Test (TMT), parts A and B, spanning the 4 cognitive domains of attention, working memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. The bariatric surgery group was simultaneously compared to a waiting list control group. At 4 months of follow-up, comparisons between the groups revealed that the surgical group performed significantly better than the control group on the forward DGS, WCST, and TMT parts A and B. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups on the backward DGS. Further within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in forward DGS, WCST, and TMT components A and B. Nevertheless, the same variables did not alter significantly over time in the control group. The study suggests measurable cognitive benefits following bariatric surgery in older adults.