Therapeutic Potential of Dexmedetomidine in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: From the Bench to the Clinic

Neuropsychiatric disease encompasses a range of conditions resulting from various dysfunctions within the nervous system, manifesting in diverse neurological impairments. These disorders, including depression, schizophrenia, anxiety, and Alzheimer's disease, impose significant economic and psychological burdens on both individuals and society overall. Recent clinical and preclinical studies have highlighted the potential therapy of dexmedetomidine (Dex), a highly selective α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, not only as an effective sedation but also as a neuroprotective agent. Dex exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, as well as contributes to maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Clinical observations also supports the application of Dex for the management of neuropsychiatric disorders. Importantly, its side effects in rodents and humans studies are less than those of antipsychotics. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic efficacy of Dex in neuropsychiatric disorders. We then discussed underlying mechanisms of its effect. Last, we point out future research directions of Dex in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.