Thylakoid Membranes with Unique Photosystems Used to Simultaneously Produce Self‐Supplying Oxygen and Singlet Oxygen for Hypoxic Tumor Therapy

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy has been dramatically limited by the insufficient oxygen (O 2 ) level in hypoxic tumors. Although various PDT nanosystems have been designed to deliver or produce O 2 in support of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the feature of asynchronous O 2 generation and ROS formation still results in the low PDT efficacy. Herein, thylakoid membranes (TM) of chloroplasts is decorated on upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to form UCTM NPs, aiming at realizing spatiotemporally synchronous O 2 self‐supply and ROS production. Upon 980 nm laser irradiation, UC NPs can emit the red light to activate both photosystem‐I and photosystem‐II of TM, the Z‐scheme electronic structure of which facilitates water to produce O 2 and further to singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). UCTM NPs showed excellent biocompatibility, and can effectively remove the hypoxic tumor of mice upon 980 nm laser irradiation. This study develops a new PDT strategy for hypoxic tumor therapy based on photosynthesis.