Biological aging mediates the associations between urinary metals and osteoarthritis among U.S. adults

Abstract Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide public health concern, mainly afflicting older adults. Although the etiology of OA remains unclear, environmental factors are increasingly considered as non-negligible risk factors. This study aims to evaluate the associations of urinary metals with OA risk and the mediated effect of biological aging. Methods Nine urinary metal concentrations were detected among 12,584 U.S. adults based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), including barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), cesium (Cs), molybdenum (Mo), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), thallium (Tl), and uranium (Tu). Multivariable logistic regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to explore the associations of single metal and mixed metals with OA risk, respectively. Furthermore, biological aging was measured from different perspectives, including cell senescence (telomere length) and whole-body aging (phenotypic age and biological age). Mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the mediated effects of aging on the associations of metals with OA risk. Results In the single-exposure model, Cd, Co, and Cs were identified to be positively associated with OA risk, with odds ratios (OR) ranging from 1.48 to 1.64 (all P < 0.05). Mixed-exposure analyses showed consistent associations (OR 1.23, 95%CI 1.10 to 1.37) and highlighted that Cd, Co, and Cs were responsible for the outcomes. Additionally, Cd, Co, Cs, Pb, and Tl were positively associated with biological aging markers, while all biological aging markers had significant associations with OA risk. Further mediation analyses showed that the associations of single metal (mainly Cd and Cs) and mixed metals with OA risk parallelly mediated by the above biological aging markers, with the proportion of mediation ranging from 16.89 to 69.39% (all P < 0.05). Moreover, such associations were also serially mediated through telomere length-biological age path and telomere length-phenotypic age path (the proportion of mediation: 4.17–11.67%), indicating that metals accelerated cell senescence to lead to whole-body aging and finally aggravated OA progress. Conclusions These findings suggested that exposure to metals increased OA risk, which was possibly and partly mediated by biological aging.