Formation of High‐Performance Multi‐Cation Halide Perovskites Photovoltaics by δ‐CsPbI3/δ‐RbPbI3 Seed‐Assisted Heterogeneous Nucleation

Abstract The performance of perovskite solar cells is highly dependent on the fabrication method; thus, controlling the growth mechanism of perovskite crystals is a promising way towards increasing their efficiency and stability. Herein, a multi‐cation halide composition of perovskite solar cells is engineered via the two‐step sequential deposition method. Strikingly, it is found that adding mixtures of 1D polymorphs of orthorhombic δ‐RbPbI 3 and δ‐CsPbI 3 to the PbI 2 precursor solution induces the formation of porous mesostructured hexagonal films. This porosity greatly facilitates the heterogeneous nucleation and the penetration of FA (formamidinium)/MA (methylammonium) cations within the PbI 2 film. Thus, the subsequent conversion of PbI 2 into the desired multication cubic α‐structure by exposing it to a solution of formamidinium methylammonium halides is greatly enhanced. During the conversion step, the δ‐CsPbI 3 also is fully integrated into the 3D mixed cation perovskite lattice, which exhibits high crystallinity and superior optoelectronic properties. The champion device shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 22%. Furthermore, these devices exhibit enhanced operational stability, with the best device retaining more than 90% of its initial value of PCE under 1 Sun illumination with maximum power point tracking for 400 h.