Occurrence, removal and mass loads of antiviral drugs in seven wastewater treatment plants with various treatment processes

替比夫定 奈韦拉平 拉米夫定 污水处理 齐多夫定 废水 药理学 利托那韦 生物 病毒载量 病毒学 乙型肝炎病毒 环境工程 环境科学 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV) 病毒 病毒性疾病 抗逆转录病毒疗法
作者
Li Yao,Zhiyong Chen,Wen-Yuan Dou,Zhi-Kai Yao,Xingchun Duan,Zhifeng Chen,Lijuan Zhang,Yunjun Nong,Jian‐Liang Zhao,Guang‐Guo Ying
出处
期刊:Water Research [Elsevier]
卷期号:207: 117803-117803 被引量:41
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2021.117803
摘要

Antiviral drugs are among the most common and important classes of pharmaceuticals to treat viral infections, however their continuous emission and persistence in the receiving environment has attracted increasing attention about their potential ecological risks. Here we investigated the occurrence, fate and mass load of 9 antiviral drugs for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B, in 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment processes in Guangdong, China. Totally, 8 target antiviral drugs were detected in the WWTPs influent wastewater, effluent wastewater and sludge, with maximal concentrations up to 7624 ng/L (telbivudine), 568 ng/L (telbivudine), and 2013 ng/g wet weight (telbivudine), respectively. The removal efficiency varied widely between different antiviral drugs, with the mean aqueous removal efficiency and total removal efficiency ranging from -6.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine) and -1.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine), respectively. Mass balance analysis showed that their elimination was mostly attributed to the biodegradation/biotransformation. The total back-estimated usage and emission of 9 target antiviral drugs were 77.8 t/y and 13.2 t/y in Guangdong province, China, respectively. Based on the sewage epidemiology approach, the consumption and emission of antiviral drugs in seven studied WWTPs were ranged at 2.31 mg/d/1000 people (nevirapine) to 4970 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), and 0 (lamivudine) to 900 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), respectively. Preliminary risk assessment showed that the antiviral drugs of zidovudine, ritonavir, lopinavir, and telbivudine in the receiving rivers could pose high ecological risks for aquatic environment. The findings from the present study illustrate the persistence of nevirapine in WWTPs, and provide essential evidence for further study into the development of wastewater treatment technologies.
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