New Amino Acid Schiff Bases as Anticancer Agents via Potential Mitochondrial Complex I-Associated Hexokinase Inhibition and Targeting AMP-Protein Kinases/mTOR Signaling Pathway

安普克 化学 PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路 己糖激酶 柠檬酸循环 生物化学 激酶 癌细胞 糖酵解 蛋白激酶A 细胞凋亡 生物 癌症 遗传学
作者
Ahmed A. Noser,Aboubakr H. Abdelmonsef,Mohamed El‐Naggar,Maha M. Salem
出处
期刊:Molecules [MDPI AG]
卷期号:26 (17): 5332-5332 被引量:34
标识
DOI:10.3390/molecules26175332
摘要

Two series of novel amino acid Schiff base ligands containing heterocyclic moieties, such as quinazolinone 3–11 and indole 12–20 were successfully synthesized and confirmed by spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. Furthermore, all compounds were investigated in silico for their ability to inhibit mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) by targeting the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and inhibiting hexokinase, a key glycolytic enzyme to prevent the Warburg effect in cancer cells. This inhibitory pathway may be an effective strategy to cause cancer cell death due to an insufficient amount of ATP. Our results revealed that, out of 18 compounds, two (11 and 20) were top-ranked as they exhibited the highest binding energies of −8.8, −13.0, −7.9, and −10.0 kcal/mol in the docking analysis, so they were then selected for in vitro assessment. Compound 11 promoted the best cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 with IC50 = 64.05 ± 0.14 μg/mL (0.135 mM) while compound 20 exhibited the best cytotoxic effect on MDA-231 with IC50 = 46.29 ± 0.09 μg/mL (0.166 mM) Compounds 11 and 20 showed significant activation of AMPK protein and oxidative stress, which led to elevated expression of p53 and Bax, reduced Bcl-2 expression, and caused cell cycle arrest at the sub-G0/G1 phase. Moreover, compounds 11 and 20 showed significant inhibition of the mTOR protein, which led to the activation of aerobic glycolysis for survival. This alternative pathway was also blocked as compounds 11 and 20 showed significant inhibitory effects on the hexokinase enzyme. These findings demonstrate that compounds 11 and 20 obeyed Lipinski’s rule of five and could be used as privileged scaffolds for cancer therapy via their potential inhibition of mitochondrial complex I-associated hexokinase.
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