Effect of curvature on sound propagation in the ear canal

In this paper, we investigate the effect of the curvature and torsion of the ear canal on its resonance through a comparison between several ear canal models. Utilizing Stinson's ear canal geometries as a reference, we build and analyze several ear canal models using both transmission matrix and numerical methods for the purpose of comparative assessment. A conical transmission unit, which considers visco-thermal effects, is employed for the modeling of the human ear canal. While the transfer matrix and numerical method agree well for a straight axis model, this simplification results in up to 20% deviation from a curved canal. We propose the curve twist ratio as a metric to quantify the influence of curvature on the ear canal and find that our proposed metric can effectively express the error introduced by the simplified straight axis model. Upon this metric, an empirical equation is proposed for incorporating the curvature effect in the transmission matrix method, enabling it to generate comparable results to those of the numerical method, which considers the effect of the curvature and torsion, thus dramatically accelerating computation.