The effects of kelp powder and fucoidan on the intestinal digestive capacity, immune response, and bacterial community structure composition of large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea)

Feed terrestrial components can induce intestinal stress in fish, affecting their overall health and growth. Recent studies suggest that seaweed products may improve fish intestinal health. In this experiment, three types of feed were prepared: a basic diet (C group), a diet with 0.2 % fucoidan (F group), and a diet with 3 % kelp powder (K group). These diets were fed to large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) over an 8-week period. Each feed was randomly assigned to three seawater cages (4.0 m × 4.0 m × 5.0 m) containing 700 fish per cage. The study assessed changes in growth and intestinal health, including intestinal tissue morphology, digestive enzyme activities, expression of immune-related genes, and bacterial community structure. Results showed that incorporating seaweed products into the diet improved the growth and quality traits of large yellow croakers and significantly enhanced their intestinal digestive capacity (P < 0.05). Specifically, the 0.2 % fucoidan diet significantly increased the intestinal villus length and the activities of digestive enzymes such as trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase (P < 0.05). The 3 % kelp powder diet significantly enhanced the intestinal crypt depth and the activities of trypsin and lipase (P < 0.05). Both seaweed additives significantly enhanced intestinal health by mitigating inflammatory factors. Notably, the control group's biomarkers indicated a high presence of potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Herbaspirillum, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Stenotrophomonas. After the addition of seaweed additives, these bacteria were no longer the indicator bacteria, while the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Ligilactobacillus and Lactobacillus increased. Significant reductions in the expression of inflammatory factors (e.g., il-6, tnf-α, ifn-γ in the fucoidan group and il-8 in the kelp powder group) further supported these findings. Our findings suggested that both seaweed additives helped balance intestinal microbial communities and reduce bacterial antigen load. Considering the effects, costs, manufacturing, and nutrition, adding 3 % kelp powder to the feed of large yellow croaker might be preferable. This study substantiated the beneficial effects of seaweed on the aquaculture of large yellow croaker, particularly in improving intestinal health. These findings advocated for its wider and more scientifically validated use in fish farming practices.