Multivalent HER2-binding polymer conjugates facilitate rapid endocytosis and enhance intracellular drug delivery

Incorporating targeting moieties that recognize cancer-specific cellular markers can enhance specificity of anticancer nanomedicines. The HER2 receptor is overexpressed on numerous cancers, making it an attractive target. However, unlike many receptors that trigger endocytosis upon ligand binding, HER2 is an internalization-resistant receptor. As most chemotherapeutics act on intracellular targets, this presents a significant challenge for exploiting HER2 overexpression for improved tumor killing. However, hyper-crosslinking of HER2 has been shown to override the receptor's native behavior and trigger internalization. This research co-opts this crosslinking-mediated internalization for efficient intracellular delivery of an anticancer nanomedicine - specifically a HPMA copolymer-based drug delivery system. This polymeric carrier was conjugated with a small (7 kDa) HER2-binding affibody peptide to produce a panel of polymer-affibody conjugates with valences from 2 to 10 peptides per polymer chain. The effect of valence on surface binding and uptake was evaluated separately. All conjugates demonstrated similar (nanomolar) binding affinity towards HER2-positive ovarian carcinoma cells, but higher-valence conjugates induced more rapid endocytosis, with over 90% of the surface-bound conjugate internalized within 4 h. Furthermore, this enhancement was sensitive to crowding - high surface loading reduced conjugates' ability to crosslink receptors. Collectively, this evidence strongly supports a crosslinking-mediated endocytosis mechanism. Lead candidates from this panel achieved high intracellular delivery even at picomolar treatment concentrations; untargeted HPMA copolymers required 1000-fold higher treatment concentrations to achieve similar levels of intracellular accumulation. This increased intracellular delivery also translated to a more potent nanomedicine against HER2-positive cells; incorporation of the chemotherapeutic paclitaxel into this targeted carrier enhanced cytotoxicity over untargeted polymer-drug conjugate.