Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a 6-carbon lactone that is an essential vitamin for humans, nonhuman primates, and several other species. Ascorbic acid is the first vitamin for which comprehensive physiology and pharmacokinetics have been described in humans, with unexpected therapeutic consequences. Here we summarize ascorbic acid chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, relevance to disease pathophysiology and treatment, deficiency, adverse effects, and recommended intake guidelines.