Engineering Yarrowia lipolytica to Produce l-Malic Acid from Glycerol

The declining availability of cheap fossil-based resources has sparked growing interest in the sustainable biosynthesis of organic acids. l-Malic acid, a crucial four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, finds extensive applications in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering have enabled the efficient microbial production of l-malic acid, albeit not in