Dye-sensitized solar cells: Insights and research divergence towards alternatives

Non-renewable energy resources are being rapidly depleted due to the increasing rate of energy consumption. This challenge has been addressed by adopting renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaic energy, which directly converts solar energy into electrical energy without polluting the atmosphere. In recent years, various photovoltaic devices, including hybrid and organic-inorganic solar cells, have been developed for diverse applications. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) present a promising and innovative method for harnessing solar energy inspired by photosynthesis in plants. Research has primarily focused on DSSCs for their low cost, exceptional transparency, sustainability, and straightforward fabrication process. Moreover, DSSCs offer the benefits of high efficiency, flexibility, and easier implementation compared to traditional silicon-based solar cells. For approximately two decades, DSSCs have struggled with stagnant efficiency levels despite extensive efforts by numerous research groups to improve DSSC performance through various innovative methods. Studies worldwide have significantly contributed to this prolonged exploration of DSSCs. However, many research efforts are continuing to explore the novel materials and advanced fabrication methods, and the boundaries of traditional DSSCs are being surpassed, giving rise to a burgeoning landscape in the broader photovoltaic field. This review provides a concise overview of global research advancements in DSSCs, covering their key components, operating principles, and the materials. It emphasizes DSSCs potential as a sustainable and cost-effective photovoltaic technology. The conclusion underscores the dynamic nature of scientific exploration and the pivotal role of DSSCs in pushing the boundaries of innovation within the field of photovoltaics, despite other competing alternatives of solar power technologies.