A comprehensive review of research on the motion behavior and liquid flow dynamics of a single particle impacting a liquid surface

Particle impact on liquid surfaces is a critical issue in the field of particle dynamics, encompassing the complex interactions between liquid, solid, and gas phases. This phenomenon significantly influences both particle and liquid dynamics and triggers a series of behaviors, including liquid splashing, bubble formation, particle adhesion, and liquid surface deformation. This paper comprehensively reviews the complex physical processes involved in particle impact on liquid surfaces, with particular emphasis on the coupling mechanisms between particle dynamics and liquid flow dynamics. The importance of contact line motion in dynamic behavior is highlighted. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the evolution of particle motion characteristics (such as impact velocity and rotation) during the impact process, revealing how key impact parameters (such as particle size and impact angle) influence particle behavior, and explores in detail how the contact line motion affects the interaction between particles and liquid interfaces and its subsequent dynamic behavior. Furthermore, it examines the hydrodynamic response of liquids, particularly the formation mechanisms of splashing and cavity shape, and their interactions with particle motion, while considering the influence of contact line motion on these processes. By integrating experimental observations, theoretical analyses, and numerical simulations, this paper summarizes the key dynamic phenomena during particle impact, including the dynamic characteristics of contact line movement. It also identifies current research challenges and proposes future research directions, aiming to provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for the study of particle impact on liquid surfaces and to promote further advancements in related research and applications.