Fermentation of chickpea flour with selected lactic acid bacteria for improving its nutritional and functional properties

To improve the nutri-functional quality of chickpea flour by fermentation with selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to formulate functional legume-derived products.A Randomized Complete Block Design was carried out to assess the influence of experimental conditions (presence/absence of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL2211 and/or Weissella paramesenteroides CRL2182, temperature, time and dough yield) on LAB population, acidification, antinutritional factors and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of chickpea flour. Fermentation with both strains for 24 h at 37°C produced an increase in LAB (up to 8.9 log CFU/g), acidity (final pH 4.06), TPC (525.00 mg GAE/100 g) and tannin and trypsin inhibitor removal (28.80 mg GAE/100 g and 1.60 mg/g, respectively) higher than the spontaneously fermented doughs. RAPD and Rep-PCR analysis revealed that fermentation was dominated by L. plantarum CRL2211. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were useful to explain LAB enzyme behaviour during fermentation highlighting the chemical affinity of LAB tannases and proteinases to gallocatechin and trypsin inhibitors. Compared with other processing methods, fermentation was better than soaking, germination and cooking for increasing the techno-functional properties of chickpea flour. Fermented doughs were applied to the manufacture of crackers that contained 81% more TPC and 64% more antioxidant activity than controls.Fermentation for 24 h at 37°C with selected autochthonous LAB was the best method for improving the quality of chickpea flour and derived crackers type cookies.Chickpea is suitable for the development of novel functional foods. Fermentation with selected LAB would improve the final product quality and bioactivity. The combination of experimental and simulation approaches can lead to a better understanding of the fermentation processes to enhance the properties of a food matrix.